Клеточная стенка дрожжей как основа биоконтроля постуборочных болезней плодоовощного сырья (Систематический обзор предметного поля)

Введение. Постуборочная микробная порча остается одной из ключевых причин потерь плодоовощного сырья и снижения их товарного качества, увеличивая экономические издержки и ресурсный след производства. В связи с этим растет интерес к экологически безопасным технологиям биоконсервации, которые включают дрожжевые продукты, не приводящие к образованию нежелательных остатков.

Цель. Систематизировать данные о составе, биологической активности и направлениях применения производных клеточной стенки дрожжей (КСД) для снижения постуборочной заболеваемости фруктов, сохранения показателей качества и уменьшения рисков, связанных с микотоксинами, а также оценить технологические подходы, повышающие эффективность таких решений.

Материалы и методы. Обзор выполнен на основе структурированного поиска, отбора и синтеза литературных данных. Поиск проводили в Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, PubMed и Google Scholar; дополнительно анализировали релевантные русскоязычные публикации, отобранные в РИНЦ. Учитывали работы на русском и английском языках за период 2005–2025 гг. Отбор выполняли в два этапа (по названиям/аннотациям и по полным текстам) с фиксацией причин исключения на этапе работы с полными текстами.

Результаты и обсуждение. Функциональные свойства КСД определяются архитектурой и составом (β-глюканы, маннаны/маннопротеины, хитин), что обусловливает сорбционные характеристики и возможность использования КСД как матрицы для доставки активных соединений. Обобщены данные о снижении выраженности постуборочных гнилей и поддержании качества при хранении, а также о потенциале уменьшения риска микотоксинов за счет подавления токсигенных патогенов и/или сорбции токсинов. Перспективными направлениями являются стандартизация сырья и режимов применения, оптимизация получения полисахаридных фракций и разработка комбинированных решений с природными антимикробными агентами, антагонистическими микроорганизмами и съедобными покрытиями. Ограничения доказательной базы связаны с вариабельностью исходных материалов, неоднородностью протоколов и недостатком данных, полученных в условиях, близких к производственным.

Выводы. Дальнейшие исследования должны быть направлены на унификацию характеристик производных клеточной стенки дрожжей, оптимизацию составов и подтверждение их эффективности в реальных логистических цепочках. Это позволит реализовать их потенциал как основы устойчивых постуборочных технологий для фруктов.

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