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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">hfb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Health, Food &amp; Biotechnology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Health, Food &amp; Biotechnology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2712-7648</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РОСБИОТЕХ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36107/hfb.2026.i1.s302</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">hfb-302</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПИТАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOOD</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Микобиота производственной среды молокоперерабатывающих предприятий: сравнительный анализ структуры и распространенности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mycobiota of the Production Environment of Dairy Processing Enterprises: Comparative Analysis of Structure and Prevalence</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2508-2888</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махова</surname><given-names>Анжелика Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhova</surname><given-names>Anzhelika A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">a.mahova@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9265-5511</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юшина</surname><given-names>Юлия Константиновна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yushina</surname><given-names>Yulia K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">yu.yushina@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5048-9321</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайко</surname><given-names>Елена Викторовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaiko</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">el.zaiko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8581-2379</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грудистова</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grudistova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">m.grudistova@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3048-7118</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дерюгин</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Константинович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Deryugin</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">v.deryugin@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стаханова</surname><given-names>Олеся Алексеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stakhanova</surname><given-names>Olesya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">o.stahanova@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ "ФНЦ пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова" РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V M Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Махова А.А., Юшина Ю.К., Зайко Е.В., Грудистова М.А., Дерюгин В.К., Стаханова О.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Махова А.А., Юшина Ю.К., Зайко Е.В., Грудистова М.А., Дерюгин В.К., Стаханова О.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Makhova A.A., Yushina Y.K., Zaiko E.V., Grudistova M.A., Deryugin V.K., Stakhanova O.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.hfb-journal.ru/jour/article/view/302">https://www.hfb-journal.ru/jour/article/view/302</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Микробная контаминация плесневыми грибами остается серьезной проблемой для молочной отрасли. Традиционные дезинфектанты часто неэффективны против устойчивых форм, что требует разработки новых подходов к контролю на основе понимания структуры резидентной микобиоты конкретных производств.</p><p>Цель работы — сравнительный анализ состава, частоты встречаемости и пространственного распределения микобиоты в воздухе и на поверхностях оборудования трех молокоперерабатывающих предприятий.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на трех предприятиях. Отбор проб воздуха (200 л) осуществляли аспирационным методом с осаждением на агар Сабуро. Смывы с поверхностей отбирали с площади 100 см². Видовую идентификацию грибов и дрожжей проводили методом масс-спектрометрии MALDI-TOF.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Установлено, что ядро резидентной микобиоты во всех средах формируют три вида: Penicillium gladioli (21,3% в воздухе и 33,3% в смывах), Penicillium polonicum (18,0% и 16,7%) и Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides (16,4% и 22,2%). Вид P. polonicum обнаружен на всех предприятиях. Параллельно выявлены уникальные профили, отражающие специфику каждого производства: на сыродельном заводе идентифицированы Geotrichum candidum и почвенный патоген Thanatephorus cucumeris; на предприятии с широким ассортиментом зафиксировано максимальное разнообразие пенициллов, а также присутствие Aspergillus wentii и Botrytis cinerea. Обнаружены скрытые очаги контаминации: Penicillium chrysogenum и P. rubens выявлялись только в смывах при отрицательных результатах анализа воздуха. Значительную долю (11,5%) составили микроорганизмы, не идентифицированные стандартной базой данных MALDI-TOF.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Микробная экосистема производственной среды представляет собой комплекс из универсального ядра высокоадаптированных контаминантов и уникального набора видов, детерминированных технологическими процессами. Полученные данные доказывают необходимость перехода от универсальных протоколов к разработке персонализированных программ микробиологического контроля, основанных на анализе резидентной микобиоты конкретного предприятия.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction.  Microbial contamination by mold fungi remains a serious problem for the dairy industry. Traditional disinfectants are often ineffective against resistant forms, which necessitates the development of new control approaches based on understanding the structure of the resident mycobiota of specific production facilities.</p><p>Objective — a comparative analysis of the composition, frequency of occurrence, and spatial distribution of mycobiota in the air and on equipment surfaces at three dairy processing plants.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at three enterprises. Air sampling (200 L) was carried out using the aspiration method with deposition on Sabouraud agar. Surface swabs were taken from an area of 100 cm². Species identification of fungi and yeasts was performed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. It was established that the core of the resident mycobiota in all environments is formed by three species: Penicillium gladioli (21.3% in air and 33.3% in swabs), Penicillium polonicum (18.0% and 16.7%), and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides (16.4% and 22.2%). P. polonicum was detected at all enterprises. Concurrently, unique profiles reflecting the specifics of each production were identified: at the cheese factory, Geotrichum candidum and the soil pathogen Thanatephorus cucumeris were identified; at the plant with a wide product range, maximum diversity of Penicillium species was recorded, along with the presence of Aspergillus wentii and Botrytis cinerea. Hidden contamination foci were discovered: Penicillium chrysogenum and P. rubens were detected only in swabs despite negative air analysis results. A significant proportion (11.5%) consisted of microorganisms not identified by the standard MALDI-TOF database.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The microbial ecosystem of the production environment represents a complex consisting of a universal core of highly adapted contaminants and a unique set of species determined by technological processes. The obtained data demonstrate the necessity of transitioning from universal protocols to the development of personalized microbiological control programs based on the analysis of the resident mycobiota of a specific enterprise.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>молокоперерабатывающие предприятия</kwd><kwd>воздушная среда</kwd><kwd>микобиота</kwd><kwd>плесневые грибы</kwd><kwd>MALDI-TOF масс-спектрометрия</kwd><kwd>микробная контаминация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>dairy processing plants</kwd><kwd>air environment</kwd><kwd>mycobiota</kwd><kwd>mould fungi</kwd><kwd>MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry</kwd><kwd>microbial contamination</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации на реализацию крупных научных проектов по приоритетным направлениям научно-технологического развития (проект № 075-15-2024-483).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for large scientific projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Project No. 075-15 - 2024-483 ).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юшина, Ю. 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